![]() ![]() A certificate signing request (CSR) is a message sent from an applicant to a certificate authority to apply for a digital identity certificate. While most organizations use proven technologies, quantum cryptography usage will increase because it is more secure.Ī certificate revocation list (CRL) is list of certificates which have been revoked, are no longer valid, and should not be used. Quantum cryptography is different from proven technologies in that it relies more on physics, rather than mathematics, as a key aspect of its security model. Quantum cryptography is a relatively new method of encryption. Key escrow is required when implementing a PKI if data loss is unacceptable. Key escrow is a primary concern in cryptography and in a public key infrastructure (PKI). ![]() If a third party provides this service, it ensures that the organization that is using the key can still recover data if the organization that owns the key goes out of town. In some cases, a third party may be selected to provide the key escrow service when the key is owned by one organization but is used by another. Key escrow occurs when you maintain a secured copy of a user's private to ensure that you can recover the lost key. Remember that Secure Copy (SCP) operates at the Application layer, but Session Control Protocol (SCP) operates at the Session layer. Layer 1: Physical - IEEE 802, USB, Bluetooth, RS-232, DSL Layer 2: Data Link - SLIP, PPP, MTU, L2TP, Frame Relay, SDLC Layer 3: Network - IP, ICMP, IPSec, IGMP, AppleTalk, OSPF, RIP, ARP, RARP Layer 5: Session - NetBIOS, PPTP, RTP, NFS, Session Control Protocol (SCP) Layer 7: Application - FTP, TFTP, DNS, SMTP, SFTP, SNMP, HTTP, Telnet, DHCP, Secure Copy Protocol (SCP) ![]() The OSI model layers and the protocols that work at each layer are as follows: You need to understand and be able to comparatively analyze the OSI layer at which the protocols work. TCP provides connection-oriented communications for hosts on TCP/IP networks. Transmission Control Protocol (TCP) is a protocol in the TCP/IP protocol suite that operates at Layer 4, or the Transport layer, of the OSI model. Intermediate System to Intermediate System (IS-IS) is a Network layer protocol that enables intermediate systems within a routing domain to exchange information regarding the routing topology. IPSec operates at the Network layer, or Layer 3, of the OSI model. IPSec can operate in tunnel mode to support VPNs or in transport mode to support typical IP communications. Internet Protocol Security (IPSec) is a suite of protocols designed to protect Internet Protocol (IP) communications by encrypting IP data packets. L2TP is a tunneling protocol that is used to create virtual private network (VPN) connections, typically through the Internet. Layer 2 Tunneling Protocol (L2TP) operates at the Data Link layer, or Layer 2, of the Open Systems Interconnection (OSI) model. ![]()
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